Previously reported risk factors for AE include low vital capacity, low diffusing capacity, high serum CRP, high serum IP markers (e.g., LDH, SP-D, KL-6), longer operative time, thoracotomy rather than thoracoscopy, lobectomy rather than limited surgery, imaging findings of fibrosis, UIP pattern as a subtype of IP, intraoperative fluid balance, and intraoperative inhalation of high-concentration oxygen. The gene discussed is CRP; the disease is incontinentia pigmenti.