In the frontal cortex, expression of each of these 11 HSF1 target genes was significantly increased in the C9ORF72-ALS/FTLD cohort relative to controls (p < 0.05 or lower for each gene) and to sporadic cases (p < 0.01 or lower) (Fig. 2a, Additional file 7: Table S4). This evidence concerns the gene HSF1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.