Since this was a neoadjuvant study with complete tumor resection planned shortly after the initiation of ipilimumab, a limitation of our current report is the inability to investigate the observed longer term cellular changes within the TME including the previously reported induction/potentiation of memory T cells (CD3+/CD8+/CD45RO+TNFα+) in the TME at 6 weeks. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.