NPPB and heart failure: Since levels of blood-based cardiovascular markers such as CRP, creatine kinase, troponin, NT-proBNP, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and lipids have been linked to cardiovascular outcomes such as CHD, stroke, and heart failure [33–36], it is biologically plausible that the effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular function might be mediated through beneficial changes in these cardiac-related biomarkers.