TNF and colorectal cancer: The beneficial effects of the oral consumption of freeze-dried black raspberries were investigated in a phase I pilot clinical trial study, where the plasma concentrations of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL12p70), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in 24 colorectal cancer patients.