Our previous genetic analyses indicated that somatic mutations and/or aberrant expression of signaling proteins (lymphotoxin β receptor, PIK3CA, p50, RelB, Bcl3, epidermal growth factor receptor, and RAS) or signaling regulators (INPP4B, TRAF3, TRAF2, A20, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3, and CYLD) are common in NPC, resulting in constitutive activation of the ERK1/2, NF‐κB and PI3K–AKT pathways 38, 39, 40. This evidence concerns the gene LTBR and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.