However, the ischemia-derived increase of NF-L immunoreactivity is rather contradictory to previous reports, which demonstrate reduced immunoreactivities for neurofilaments in histological sections and western blot analysis after traumatic brain injury and stroke (Ogata et al., 1989; Inuzuka et al., 1990; Posmantur et al., 1994; Schroeder et al., 2003). Here, NEFL is linked to ischemia.