Upregulation of ide and tgf-β1 by Hsp70 has been shown to prevent the memory impairments associated with expression of APPsw in a mice model of AD and, as extracellular Hsp70 induces expression of tgf-β17, Hsp70 has been proposed to trigger this protective effect from the extracellular space6. Here, IDE is linked to memory impairment.