Expression patterns of 182 hypothalamic genes were similar among trophoblast Xogt−/Xwt females and Xwt/Y males relative to Xwt/Xwt females, with the expression of 102 genes increased in trophoblast Xogt−/Xwt and Xwt/Y males relative to Xwt/Xwt females (Fig. 2c) and 80 genes decreased relative to Xwt/Xwt females (Fig. 2d), including genes involved in sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus (Esr1, Cyp19a1), genes linked to metabolic and stress responsivity (Pmch, Npy2r, Grp), and those previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (Foxp2, Foxg1, Oxt, Grp, Chrna4)34. Here, ESR1 is linked to neurodevelopmental disorder.