KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: Excluding the hypermutated cancers, 24 genes were significantly mutated, of which the eight most frequently reported were APC, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, FBXW7, SMAD4, TCF7L2, and NRAS. Other altered pathways in CRC may include mutations in the PI3K and RAS-MAPK pathways, deregulation of TGF-β signaling, and changes in WNT signaling pathway, which occurred in 93% of all tumors [36].