IGF, insulin-like growth factor; HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; MKKs, McKusick-Kaufman syndrome; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; p38, mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase; calp, calpain; calc, calcineurin; CaMK, Ca2+—calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Here, HGF is linked to McKusick-Kaufman syndrome.