AKT1 and breast carcinoma: MβCD was more toxic for invasive than for non-invasive urothelial cancer cells,[124] and interfered with RTK-[PI2]-PI3K-[PI3]-AKT signaling in HeLa cells.[125] Finally, MβCD reduced breast cancer-induced osteoclast activity in RAW264.7 cells and osteoclastogenic gene expression in MCF-7 cells.[126] Sulfated SβCD also inhibits epithelial cell migration and invasion, but not proliferation [127] and prevents angiogenesis ex vivo in an rat aortic ring assay and an chick embryo collagen onplant assay.[127] The relevance of these in vitro findings was confirmed by several in vivo studies.