MAPK3 and glioblastoma: In our previous studies, the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (pERK1/2), phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (pJNK), stem cell markers such as Nestin, CD133, GD3 ganglioside and NG2 proteoglycan, as well as angiogenesis-related factors (CD105, VEGF, VEGFR1/2, HIF-1α and HIF-2α), has been demonstrated in both GBM and peritumoral tissue [16–21].