In T1DM, some of the main candidate self-antigens include GAD65, insulin (especially in its unique forms found only in the pancreas, namely full length unprocessed pro-insulin, C-peptide, as well as the zinc-coordinated hexameric crystals of mature insulin), glucagon, and IGF-1 and its receptors (11, 48) (Figure 1C). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.