Some studies have reported that calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone, as well as dialysis, promote CAC; however, other studies failed to demonstrate such relationships.44 In this study, although the levels of calcium and phosphate tended to deteriorate with the progression of renal failure, they were in the normal range suggested by clinical guidelines,45, 46 even in patients with advanced CKD (Table S1), and we failed to identify the association between mineral parameters and the presence of CAC (data not shown). Here, PTH is linked to kidney failure.