In the present review, I summarize the connection between TGF-β signaling and miRNAs with a particular focus on: (1) regulation of miRNA expression by TGF-β signaling; (2) modulation of TGF-β signaling by miRNAs; (3) miRNA-mediated regulation of cell state transitions, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT); and (4) crosstalk between miRNA and TGF-β pathways in cancer. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.