HBEGF and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: We first examined the level of gene expression associated with IC/BPS pathogenesis including inflammation (e.g., CCR2, MCP-1, NFκB), growth factors (e.g., HB-EGF, NGF), nitric oxide synthase (e.g., nNOS, iNOS, eNOS), and apoptosis (e.g., ARF).