TNF and neoplasm: Similar to the wound-healing microenvironment, in the tumor microenvironment, inflammatory cells, TA-MSCs, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and cancer cells themselves produce inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, chemokines, such as MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and IL-8, and growth factors including members of the EGF (epidermal growth factor), FGF (fibroblast growth factor), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β families, all of which enhance tumor development [23,28].