VCAM1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Regarding SLE, data is more limited, but studies have shown increased levels of certain soluble endothelial damage biomarkers, such as ICAM-1 and thrombomodulin (TM) in SLE women and VCAM-1 in patients with lupus nephritis [126,127] Similarly, AS studies indicate that increased levels of ICAM-1, TM and IL-6, as well as increased ADMA serum concentrations are not correlated however with disease activity [128,129,130].