ACE and congestive heart failure: More than 90% of the subjects were being treated with antihypertensive agents (n = 1006, 92.5%), including ACE inhibitors (n = 281, 25.8%) and/or ARBs (n = 826, 75.9%).The prevalence rates of pre-existing CVD, i.e., MI (6.5%), angina (10.4%), CHF (5.5%), peripheral artery disease (3.7%), and stroke (12.3%), were higher than in the general Japanese population [22].