In addition to IGF-1/IGFBP3 interactions, defining how the regulatory mediators IFNγ, PAPP-A, Ang2, MMP9, IP-9, and IP-10 intersect in BPD and ROP may promote the development of new therapies that simultaneously target the development of both diseases while enhancing or allowing normal development to progress (Figure 3). Here, IGFBP3 is linked to retinopathy of prematurity.