KMO and nicotine dependence: Albuquerque and Schwarcz (2013) and Secci et al. (2017) showed that KA is an antagonist of α7nAChRs in the brain. The Ro 61-8048, a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibitor increases brain KA concentrations and might have applications in the treatment of nicotine addiction (Figure 1B) (Röver et al., 1997; Justinova et al., 2013; Secci et al., 2017). Thus, we hypothesized inhibiting or more precisely modulating KMO gene expression by genomic and epigenetic approaches could be utilized to enhance the availability of KA.