In contrast, some studies have reported an inhibitory role for AMPK in EMT of breast, prostate and lung cancer cells, mainly using 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and metformin as pharmacological activators of AMPK (Banerjee et al., 2016; Chou et al., 2014; Cufí et al., 2010; Han et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015; Qu et al., 2014). The gene discussed is PRKAA2; the disease is lung carcinoma.