IL1B and endothelial dysfunction: Ex vivo studies using circulating human cells and animal models have found a reduced expression of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation [interleukins 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4)], interleukin 6 (IL-6), E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1) [16–19].