In addition, epidemiological studies have found a positive association between the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and circulating IGFBP3 concentrations (Drogan et al. 2016; Rajpathak et al. 2012), with some evidence that these effects are independent of IGF1 (Drogan et al. 2016). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and diabetes mellitus.