In addition, a direct pro-atherogenic effect on human endothelial cells was found, as shown by upregulation of adhesion factors ICAM-1, E-selectin and VCAM-1 (44), which is in line with the increase of markers of endothelial activation found in CML patients treated with nilotinib (45). Here, VCAM1 is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.