KRAS and pancreatic neoplasm: In one study, progression of Kras mutant PDAC was associated with deletion and loss of expression of Pten. Interestingly, Pten loss and activation of K-Ras cooperated and accelerated pancreatic cancer development by promoting NF-κB activation and its cytokine network, which in turn promoted stromal activation and immune cell infiltration (Ying et al., 2011).