In a recent meta-analysis, CagA with a single EPIYA-D motif was significantly associated with the development of gastric cancer while CagA with multiple EPIYA-C motifs was found to be a significant risk factor for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in Asian countries; however, in the US and Europe, CagA with multiple EPIYA-C motifs was associated with the development of gastric cancer21. Here, S100A8 is linked to peptic ulcer disease.