Martinez et al. showed that of a total of 16 AIEC strains recovered from biopsies of IBD patients, 8 express papC gene, 2 express sfa, 4 express hlya, and all fimH. AIEC strains from non-IBD patients (n = 6) also express these genes, 4 were positive for papC, 2 for sfa, 2 for hlya and all for fimH [10]. Here, PCDH8 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.