In Cox analysis conducted only in the diabetes group, subjects with metformin, TZD, and DPP4i exposure showed a significantly lower risk of PaC, whereas sulfonylurea and insulin usage was associated with a higher risk of PaC (Table 3) compared to those that took no drugs, after adjustment for age, sex, history of morbidities associated with the risk of PaC, and socioeconomic status. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.