CD74 and infection: Leishmania major MIF (LmMIF), Plasmodium species MIF, Toxoplasma gondii MIF, and Entamoeba histolytica MIF can bind huMIF receptor CD74 and modulate host immune responses, activate huMIF pathways such as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathways, and affect the infection outcome (10, 18, 20, 60, 61).