Methods for population testing include fecal occult blood or immunochemical screening or endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract (colorectal cancer), visual inspection of the cervix or cytology (cervical cancer), detection of an oncogenic virus (e.g., HPV for cervical cancer), mammography (breast cancer), radiology (e.g., spiral computed tomography [CT] for lung cancer), or blood-based biomarkers (e.g., PSA [prostate-specific antigen] for prostate cancer) (https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/recommendations). This evidence concerns the gene PROS1 and lung cancer.