On the other hand, c-PARP was evidently activated in two distinct tumor tissues after treatment with CsA/Gef-NPs, indicating that the inhibition of STAT3 by CsA augmented the Gef-induced apoptosis of tumor cells (Fig. 6c, f), a finding that is consistent with the observed potent suppression of tumor growth. Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.