The IKKβ and TBK1 were negatively regulated by NEMO and YAP/TAZ by formation of NEMO/IKKβ and YAP/TAZ/TBK1 inhibitory complexes and could be differentially activated by the ubiquitination of NEMO and phosphorylation of YAP/TAZ via TRIM32/TRIM56- and Lats1/2-dependent pathways under different cellular metabolic/nutrient stresses or bacterial/viral infections (65, 67). Here, TRIM32 is linked to viral infectious disease.