Time-lapse microscopy (Figures 5A1–C5) and scanning electron microscopy (Figures 5D1–F3) supported these findings, and provided direct evidence for the more rapid killing by T-cells pre-cultured on CCL21 + ICAM1-coated substrates (Figures 5C1–C5,F1–F3), compared to those pre-cultured on uncoated substrates (Figures 5B1–B5,E1–E3), demonstrated by fewer remaining target melanoma cells. Here, CCL21 is linked to melanoma.