Finally, several germ cell-specific genes including Boule-like RNA-binding protein (Boll), HORMA domain containing 1 (Hormad1), and Left-right determination factor 2 (Lefty2) were unchanged in mutant testes (Fig. 3C,D), indicating that changes in germ cell related genes (piRNA pathway components or Nanos genes) are not the result of general germ cell deficiency. The gene discussed is HORMAD1; the disease is hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.