NRF1 and cancer: OGT was included in the list of factors that confer resistance to bortezomib (49) and identified as one of the factors that promote translocation of NRF1 to the nucleus (22); both of these behaviors are consistent with the notion that we propose in this study, namely, that OGT confers bortezomib resistance on cancers by increasing NRF1 stability and thereby elevating the expression of proteasome subunit genes.