One clinical study of 519 CKD pre-dialysis patients in Turkey demonstrated that higher plasma endostatin levels were independently associated with incident cardiovascular events over the follow-up period of a median 46 months [92], and another study of 1390 elderly patients with chronic heart failure in Norway reported that high serum endostatin independently predicted increased risk of all-cause mortality (but not cardiovascular events) only in patients with decreased renal function [93]. Here, COL18A1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.