S100B and injury: S100β is elevated after traumatic brain injury in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum (Ingebrigtsen and Romner, 2002, Petzold et al., 2003, Vos et al., 2010), with greater S100β concentrations prognostic of poorer outcomes and recovery (Goyal et al., 2013, Thelin et al., 2017).