A number of trials combining HMAs with PD-1/PD-L1-based therapies have recently started enrollment for AML and MDS, including azacitidine with the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab (NCT02397720), azacitidine with or without the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab (NCT02775903) and azacitidine with or without the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab (NCT02508870) [50]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.