Interestingly, two studies discussed above showed that in the absence of the GCN2–eIF2α–ATF4-autophagy pathway, opportunistic bacteria such as AIEC and P. aeruginosa establish persistent infection that perpetuate inflammation contributing to worsen the pathology in Crohn’s disease and cystic fibrosis, respectively. The gene discussed is ATF4; the disease is cystic fibrosis.