HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: In PD, and other neurodegenerative diseases, HMGB1 expression is considered as an important risk factor for chronic neurodegeneration, due to its role as a pro-inflammatory mediator involved in the progression of neuroinflammation in the brain (Kim et al., 2011; Takata et al., 2012; Santoro et al., 2016).