Genes with highest |θ| values (≥0.9) include known IBD causative genes (for instance, ATG16L1, CARD9, and FUT2), known immune regulators (for instance, IL18R1, IL6ST, and THEMIS), as well as genes with as of yet poorly defined function in the context of IBD (for instance, APEH, ANKRD55, CISD1, CPEB4, DOCK7, ERAP2, GNA12, GPX1, GSDMB, ORMDL3, SKAP2, UBE2L3, and ZMIZ1) (Supplementary Note 1). Here, ATG16L1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.