HMGB1 and Arthritis: HMGB1 levels are increased in the plasma of diabetic patients (Devaraj et al., 2009), and HMGB1 is implicated in chronic pain (Agalave and Svensson, 2015) associated with arthritis (Ke et al., 2015), and traumatic (Allette et al., 2014; Feldman et al., 2012; Nakamura et al., 2013) and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (Nishida et al., 2016), probably through RAGE activation (Allette et al., 2014).