Treatment of PAX2 expressing RCC cell lines, 786-O and A498 (Figure 1A, 1B), with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 24 h resulted in substantial suppression of PAX2 mRNA and protein levels (Figure 1C-1E), and further analysis revealed significant inhibition of PAX2 mRNA and protein expression in 786-O cells in response to increasing concentrations of TGF-β1, which was sustained from 6 h to more than 48 h after treatment (Figure 1E, Supplementary Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene PAX2 and renal cell carcinoma.