TLR4 and colorectal cancer: For example, colorectal cancer cells express toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and myeloid differentiation factor (MD) 2 complex, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation activates phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and promotes downstream beta1 integrin function through the TLR4/MD2 complex, resulting in increased adhesiveness and metastatic capacity of colorectal cancer cells (12).