The many causes of endothelial dysfunction have been linked to key hallmarks of diabetes such as oxidative stress (Tawfik et al., 2006; Idris-Khodja et al., 2016), insulin resistance, ROCK activation, and proinflammatory signaling of Wnt5a (Breton-Romero et al., 2016). Here, INS is linked to endothelial dysfunction.