RHOA and endothelial dysfunction: Hyperglycemia is an important factor promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Fiorentino et al., 2013), and it is this adverse oxidative stress that underpins, not only endothelial dysfunction as noted above, but also vascular smooth muscle proliferation, apoptosis and, most notably, upregulation of the RhoA/Rho Kinase pathway (Mahavadi et al., 2017).