Interestingly the same group recently reported that chemogenetic activation of the LC rescues hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in a rat model of AD with both tau and ß-amyloid pathology, which may suggest that the acute neuromodulatory effects of NE may be more important than a chronic, neurotrophic influence on pathology (Rorabaugh et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and Alzheimer disease.