MPO and alkaline phosphatase measurement: In mild AP, the inflammation remains restricted to the pancreas, while moderately severe and severe cases are associated with systemic activation of immune cells, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocyte/macrophage lineage, associated with an increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, or leukotriene B4 [35].