TNF and Sepsis: In addition, it has been reported that estradiol and LPS treatments in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from women and men healthy volunteers induce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, while estradiol and LPS treatments decrease IL-10 secretion only in male sepsis patients, which suggests that the worst prognosis in males after sepsis is associated with a non-regulated immune response [198].